Trends in home prices and consumer expectations that were part of data releases Tuesday pointed to more inflationary issues on the horizon for the U.S. economy.

The S&P/Case-Shiller index, which measures home prices across 20 major U.S. cities, rose 1.77% in June, bringing the year-over-year gain to a staggering 19.1%. That’s the largest jump in the series’ history going back to 1987.

For perspective, the biggest annual gain in prices prior to the subprime meltdown and 2008 financial crisis was the 14.4% increase in September 2005.

At the same time, The Conference Board reported that consumer inflation expectations ticked higher again, with respondents to the survey now seeing the metric running at 6.8% 12 months from now. That’s up a full percentage point from a year ago, or 17.2% on a relative basis.

Both metrics sent important warning signs: Shelter costs make up an outsized portion of most inflation gauges – about one-third of the headline consumer price index and even more of the core reading, for example – while inflation expectations are considered a key indicator of how high price pressures will run.

“Every time you hear that inflation is transitory remember that double house price inflation hasn’t yet shown up in the indexes. Housing represents 40 percent of the core CPI,” former Treasury Secretary and Obama White House economic advisor Larry Summers said in a recent tweet.

The latest inflation-related readings come just days after a vigorous effort from Federal Reserve Chairman Jerome Powell to defuse concerns over price pressures. Summers has been one of the most vigorous voices cautioning about inflation, but they’re beginning to arise within the Fed itself and other economists.

A post last week on the Dallas Fed website specifically addressed housing costs.

Economists Xiaoqing Zhou and Jim Dolmas wrote that rising housing prices are usually a leading indicator for rents, which account for most of the shelter costs in the CPI calculations. The correlation, they said, hits with about an 18-month lag time, meaning that rising housing costs now promise heavier rent burdens in the years to come.

The bottom line is that they see rent and owners equivalent rent to steadily increase, with both hitting 6.9% by 2023. That would tack on about 0.6% to the overall inflation reading as measured by the core personal consumption expenditures price index, the Fed’s preferred gauge.

Still, many Wall Street economists think the Fed is correct in anticipating that inflation will cool as temporary factors like supply chain glitches and shortages of goods and labor subside.

“We think [inflation] expectations are close to peaking, and they should fall over the next few months as the moderation in oil prices feeds into retail gas prices,” Pantheon Macroeconomics chief economist Ian Shepherdson wrote.

Indeed, economists tie consumer inflation expectations closely to volatile issues such as prices at the pump, which have nudged lower by a few pennies over the past couple weeks but are more than 41% higher than a year ago, according to the Energy Information Administration.

It’s not just energy, though, and it’s not only mom-and-pop consumers who are leery of persistent price increases.

Goldman Sachs said a composite the firm uses that looks at seven business inflation expectation measures hit the highest level in the two decades that the firm has been tracking them.

Moreover, company pricing-related announcements are at the highest level since 2011, and mentions of “inflation” among Russell 3000 companies were at their peak in a data series that also goes back to the same year, the Wall Street firm’s economists said.

Yet Goldman is also in the transitory inflation camp, projecting that orders for long-lasting “durable” goods that soared during the pandemic will decline and offset the rise in shelter-related price increases. Goldman sees core PCE inflation of 3.8% in 2021 easing to 2% by 2023-24, in line with the Fed’s longer-term target.

Not everyone is so confident the current pressures will yield so quickly.

The market will get a good look Friday when the Labor Department releases its nonfarm payrolls report along with a reading on average hourly earnings. Wage-price inflation is what scares the Fed the most, and there is concern that the central bank is being too complacent about the various factors converging that could fuel “bad” inflation.

“Energy, food, and rent are the most visible forms of inflation. Persistent increases in these items will eventually lead to higher inflation expectations, and the Fed will have a problem,” Ned Davis Research chief global macro strategist Joseph Kalish wrote. “My biggest fear is that complacency gives way to concern, and that low interest rates suddenly surge, prompting a reaction from Fed officials.”